Vitamin supplement compositions with enhanced bioavailability

ABSTRACT

A vitamin supplement composition that includes a complex with enhanced bioavailability having a vitamin B complex, wherein the vitamin B complex includes: (a) a first vitamin, wherein the first vitamin comprises a form of vitamin B 6 ; (b) a second vitamin, wherein the second vitamin comprises a form of vitamin B 9 ; (c) a third vitamin, wherein the third vitamin comprises a form of vitamin B 12 ; and (d) wherein the first vitamin, the second vitamin, and the third vitamin cooperate synergistically to enhance bioavailability of the same. The present invention further includes a method of administering a vitamin supplement composition to an individual having, for example, MTHFR deficiency.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.16/055,817, filed Aug. 6, 2018, entitled “Infant Formulas Having VitaminComplexes With Enhanced Bioavailability,” which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/255,669, filed Sep.2, 2016, entitled “Vitamin Supplement Compositions With EnhancedBioavailability,” now U.S. Pat. No. 10,039,765, and U.S. applicationSer. No. 15/054,833, filed Feb. 26, 2016, entitled “Infant FormulasHaving Vitamin Complexes With Enhanced Bioavailability,” now U.S. Pat.No. 10,039,805, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by referencein their entirety—including all references cited therein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to vitamin supplementcompositions and, more particularly, to novel vitamin supplementcompositions that comprise complexes having enhanced bioavailability formaximizing nutritional absorption. While the vitamin supplementcompositions of the present invention are suitable for individuals ofany age (e.g., an infant, toddler, child, adolescent, adult, elderly,etcetera), they are particularly beneficial for individuals that presentgenetic or other types of disorders (e.g., known or unknownmethylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) CT polymorphism, geneticdefects in MTHFR, MTHFR deficiency, etcetera). The vitamin supplementcompositions of the present invention are preferably swallowable,chewable, and/or dissolvable and suitable for use in liquid, gel, gummy,tablet, pill, capsule, powder, and/or other conventional supplementforms.

2. Background Art

Vitamin supplements have been known in the art for years and are thesubject of a plurality of patents and/or publications, including: U.S.Pat. No. 8,592,392 entitled “Multiple Antioxidant Micronutrients,” U.S.Pat. No. 8,263,667 entitled “Nutritional Supplement for Use UnderPhysiologically Stressful Conditions,” U.S. Pat. No. 8,197,855 entitled“Compositions and Methods for Nutrition Supplementation,” U.S. Pat. No.6,881,419 entitled “Vitamin Formulation for Enhancing Bone Strength,”U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,646 entitled “Vitamin Supplement Composition,” U.S.Pat. No. 6,488,956 entitled “Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplements forWomen,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,341 entitled “Time Release Formulation ofVitamins, Minerals and Other Beneficial Supplements,” U.S. Pat. No.6,369,042 entitled “Antioxidative Vitamin B6 Analogs,” U.S. Pat. No.6,361,800 entitled “Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplement,” U.S. Pat. No.5,494,678 entitled “Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplement for PregnantWomen,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,506 entitled “Concentrated BioavailableCalcium Source,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,579 entitled “NutritionalSupplement for Optimizing Cellular Health,” U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,467entitled “Dietary Supplement for Adults,” United States PatentApplication Publication No. 2006/0127499 entitled “Vitamin-MineralCompositions,” United States Patent Application Publication No.2005/0214383 entitled “Multi-Vitamin and Mineral NutritionalSupplements,” United States Patent Application Publication No.2005/0032741 entitled “Vitamin Compositions,” and United States PatentApplication Publication No. 2004/0106561 entitled “Health Supplement,”all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety—including all references cited therein.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,592,392 appears to disclose a method for optimizing thehealth of humans according to their age and sex. The method comprisesadministering to said humans a daily dose of a multiple antioxidantmicronutrient composition comprising vitamin A (palmitate),beta-carotene (from natural d. salina), vitamin C (calcium ascorbate),vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol), natural source vitamin E including bothd-alpha tocopherol and d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate, thiaminemononitrate, riboflavin, niacinamide ascorbate, d-calcium pantothenate,pyridoxine hydrochloride, cyanocobalamin, folic acid (folacin),d-biotin, selenium (1-seleno methionine), chromium picolinate, zincglycinate, calcium citrate, and magnesium citrate. For persons over theage of about 51, the composition preferably further comprises one ormore of co-enzyme Q₁₀, N-acetyl cysteine, and alpha lipoic acid.Preferably, also, vitamin D is added for women over the age of about 36.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,263,667 appears to disclose a nutritional supplement foruse in physiologically stressful conditions. The nutritional supplementmay include one or more of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D3, vitamin C,vitamin B1, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, vitamin B₆, biotin,pantothenic acid, vitamin B₁₂, magnesium, zinc, selenium, chromium,copper, iron, alpha lipoic acid, lutein and lycopene.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,197,855 appears to disclose compositions that may beswallowable, chewable or dissolvable, comprising various vitamins andminerals, and in a specific embodiment comprising vitamin A, betacarotene, B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin D3, vitamin E, iron,magnesium and zinc, and methods for using these compositions fornutritional supplementation in subjects undergoing physiologicallystressful events, such as, for example and without limitation,pregnancy, lactation or any disease state.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,419 appears to disclose a method and composition fordietary vitamin supplementation utilizing a form and dosage of vitaminsand minerals for enhanced calcium absorption. The method includes thesteps of providing a pharmaceutically acceptable composition includingcalcium citrate, and supplementing the daily dietary regimen of asubject with calcium citrate within the range of approximately 100 mgcalcium to approximately 2,000 mg calcium, and preferably 1,000 mgcalcium. The chewable form of the supplement provided herein facilitatesabsorption of calcium in the teeth and bones of a subject, for enhancedphysiological and psychological benefits. The supplement is especiallybeneficial for subjects experiencing osteoporosis, arthritis,demineralization of teeth and bones, bodily pain and lack of energy, aswell as for the prevention of these ailments.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,605,646 appears to disclose a vitamin B₁₂ supplementcomposition comprising vitamin B₁₂ with and/or without added folic acidthat is essentially free of antioxidants, such as vitamin C, as well asiron. Also disclosed are methods of using this vitamin composition toprevent brain and nervous system damage, such as peripheral nervedamage, as well as pernicious anemia, such as where such anemia iscaused by a deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,488,956 appears to disclose multi-vitamin and mineralsupplements for administration to non-lactating women, which comprisespecific regimens of vitamins and minerals tailored to meet thephysiological needs of said women. Methods are disclosed for optimizingthe health of women by providing multi-vitamin and mineral supplementswhich are specifically tailored to achieve optimal regulation of growth,maintenance and repair of body tissue during specific stages of lifewith minimal side effects. Methods are further disclosed for formulatinga multi-vitamin and mineral supplement that optimize the health of awoman and which comprise identifying life stages which correlate tospecific nutritional requirements as a result of varying physiologicalconditions during a lifetime and selecting specific types and optimalamounts of vitamins and minerals for said life stages.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,341 appears to disclose a formulation of vitamins,minerals and other beneficial supplements which has been demonstrated tobe cancer-protective. It is believed that the formulations of thepresent invention will also protect against cardiovascular disorders,extend longevity as well as to facilitate immunological integrity inhumans. More specifically, the invention is directed to a formulationand methods of manufacturing and administering a formulation containingvitamins and minerals in association with antioxidants, fish oils,enzymes, and amino acids. The formulations of the present inventionprovide synergistic relationships which have not previously beenreported. As a preferred embodiment, the formulations of the presentinvention are manufactured as a sustained-release tableted dietarysupplement and are intended as daily supplements.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,042 appears to disclose novel antioxidative VitaminB₆ analogs and their use in the cosmetic, dermatological, pharmaceuticaland/or nutritional fields. Analogs can be provided in suitableformulations intended in particular for caring for the skin, make up forthe skin, protection from the sun of the skin, as well as for thetreatment of diseases of the skin and bone, and viral, parasitic andfungal infections.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,800 appears to disclose a multi-vitamin and mineralsupplement which supplies the right amount of the right micronutrientsat the right time to assure adequate intake of micronutrients needed fordisease prevention and protection against nutritional losses anddeficiencies due to lifestyle factors and common inadequate dietarypatterns. The multi-vitamin and mineral supplement is comprised ofvitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin B₁,vitamin B₂, niacinamide, vitamin B₆, vitamin B₁₂, biotin, pantothenicacid, iron, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper,chromium, potassium, choline, lycopene, and co-enzyme Q-10.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,678 appears to disclose multi-vitamin and mineralsupplements for administration to a pregnant woman during her first,second, and third trimesters of pregnancy comprising specific regimensof a pharmaceutically acceptable calcium compound, vitamin D, folicacid, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin B₆, and vitamin B₁. The prenatal supplementsare specifically tailored to maximize fetal development and maternalhealth during each trimester of pregnancy.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,506 appears to disclose sweetener supplementcompositions which provide a bioavailable source of calcium containing:(a) soluble calcium; (b) an edible acid component comprising a mixtureof citric acid and malic acid wherein said mixture has a weight ratio ofcitric acid to malic acid of from about 90:10 to about 10:90; and (c)sugar; in which the weight ratio of the edible acid component to thesoluble calcium is from about 3:1 to about 17:1; sugar comprises atleast 15%, on a dry weight basis, fructose and the weight ratio of sugarto edible acid component is from about 1:1 to about 40:1.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,579 appears to disclose a nutritional supplement,functioning as a food for special dietary use, that enhances diets andassists persons recovering from addiction to health damaging substances.Since cellular damage and deficiencies occur and continue to exist evenafter the person has stopped abusing the substances, use of thenutritional supplement, which contains a variety of minerals, vitamins,herbs, amino acids, and other substances and nutrients, should becontinuous. The nutritional supplement consists of a mixture ofnutrients which cooperate synergistically in enhancing cellularmetabolic pathways and assists in normalization of cellular functionsand optimization of cellular health.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,467 appears to disclose a dietary supplement isprovided for adults, consisting essentially of GABA (gamma-aminobutyricacid), L-tyrosine, Siberian ginseng, and vitamin B₆.

United States Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0127499 appears todisclose compositions of vitamins and minerals used in the preventionand treatment of vitamin and mineral deficiency. These compositionsprovide a minimization of the intake dosage of vitamins and mineralswhile still meeting the nutritional daily requirements for thesevitamins and minerals. At the same time, these compositions are easierto manufacture, have an improved prolonged shelf-life, and are easy andconvenient to use. These compositions comprise 3 to 5 dose formulationsthat are ingested separately. Each dose formulation contains vitaminsand minerals that are compatible with each other regarding systemicabsorption and storage shelf-life.

United States Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0214383 appears todisclose a nutritional supplement which includes micronutrients tofacilitate reduction of cholesterol, and/or reduction of homocysteinand/or reduction of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)oxidation in humans. In one embodiment the supplement is amulti-vitamin, a mineral supplement which includes at least onecomponent known to reduce cholesterol. The invention further provides amethod for tableting one fourth to one half of the daily effectivedosage of a phytosterol containing nutritional supplement in a practicalsized tablet and a method for reducing blood cholesterol in humans.

United States Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0032741 appears todisclose vitamin compositions and methods for the treatment orprevention of conditions associated with hormonal changes in anindividual. The vitamin compositions contain calcium, vitamin D, folicacid, vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin B₆. In a preferred embodiment, the vitaminB₁₂ is a hydroxocobalamin.

United States Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0106561 appears todisclose natural products containing phyto-oestrogens, orphyto-oestrogen analogues, which have various beneficial physiologicaleffects in man, and which have a variety of uses, such as to promotegood health and as a dietary additive, for example. The inventiondescribes a method of improving the health of a human by administeringto the human a health supplementing amount of a phyto-oestrogen selectedfrom genistein, daidzein formononentin and/or biochanin A. A healthsupplement comprising a health supplementary amount of a phyto-oestrogenselected from genisten daidzein formononentin and/or biochanin A, isalso described. Preferably, the supplement also comprises at least onedietary suitable excipient, diluent, carrier or food, and may be in theform of a tablet or capsule, for example. Ideally, the phyto-oestrogenis extracted from red clover or from soya, although any source rich inisoflavones may also be used. The supplement can be used to prevent orameliorate such conditions as breast cancer, benign breast disease,pre-menstrual syndrome, or symptoms associated with menopause in women,or various types of cancer, and especially for high blood cholesterollevels in all humans, for instance.

While the vitamin supplements disclosed supra have been known in the artfor years, issues associated with ingredient absorption,bioavailability, safety, and shelf life remain largely problematicand/or unsolved. As such, there is a genuine demand for novel vitaminsupplement compositions that comprise complexes having enhancedbioavailability for maximizing nutritional absorption.

These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent inlight of the present specification, claims, chemical structures,chemical formulae, and drawings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a vitamin supplement compositionthat comprises a complex with enhanced bioavailability, comprising: (a)a vitamin B complex, wherein the vitamin B complex comprises: (1) afirst vitamin, wherein the first vitamin comprises a derivative and/orform of vitamin B₆; (2) a second vitamin, wherein the second vitamincomprises a derivative and/or form of vitamin B₉; (3) a third vitamin,wherein the third vitamin comprises a derivative and/or form of vitaminB₁₂; and (b) wherein the first vitamin, the second vitamin, and thethird vitamin cooperate synergistically to enhance bioavailability ofthe same.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first vitamincomprises the structure of formula I or nutraceutically acceptable saltsor solvates thereof:

wherein R₁-R₆, are each independently selected from the group consistingof H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl,alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid, acid halide, acid anhydride,ester, and/or amide group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25carbon atom(s); wherein at least three of R₁-R₅ comprise OH; and whereinX₁-X₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of N—R₆;O; and S.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the firstvitamin comprises the structure of formula II or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:

In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the secondvitamin comprises the structure of formula III or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:

wherein R₁-R₁₂, are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl,alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl, alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid, acidhalide, acid anhydride, ester, and/or amide group containingapproximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and wherein X₁-X₄are each independently selected from the group consisting of N—R₁₂; O;and S.

In another aspect of the present invention, the second vitamin comprisesthe structure of formula IV or nutraceutically acceptable salts orsolvates thereof:

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the third vitamincomprises the structure of formula V or nutraceutically acceptable saltsor solvates thereof:

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl,cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl,alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl, alcohol, ether, ketone,carboxylic acid, acid halide, acid anhydride, ester, and/or amide groupcontaining approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the thirdvitamin comprises the structure of formula VI or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:

Preferably, the first vitamin comprises[(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy]phosphonic acid, thesecond vitamin comprisesN-[4-[[[(6S)-2-amino-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-5-methyl-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl]methyl]-amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamicacid, glucosamine salt, and the third vitamin comprises methylcobalamin.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the weight ratio of thefirst vitamin to the second vitamin to the third vitamin ranges fromapproximately 300:50:1 to approximately 30:50:1 by weight of the totalvitamin B complex, and more preferably is approximately 200:55:1 byweight of the total vitamin B complex.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vitaminsupplement composition further comprises at least one of vitamin A,vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,biotin, pantothenic acid, calcium, iron, iodine, magnesium, zinc,selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, choline, boron,lutein, lycopene, inositol, fruit and/or vegetable blend, andcombinations thereof.

In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, thevitamin supplement composition further comprises at least one ofsweeteners, beeswax, carnuba wax, flavors, emulsifiers, preservatives,colors, glaze, syrups, silica, malic acid, citric acid, magnesiumstearate, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium,silicon dioxide, maltodextrin, sunflower lecithin, guar gum, sunfloweroil, coconut oil, vegetable cellulose, stearic acid, vegetable magnesiumstearate, pectin, sodium citrate, dicalcium phosphate, and combinationsthereof.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vitaminsupplement composition further comprises one or more fruits andvegetables, preferably in powder form, selected from the groupconsisting of blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, elderberry,cranberry, blackberry, bilberry, black currant, pomegranate, broccoli,broccoli sprouts, tomato, carrot, spinach, kale, cauliflower, brusselssprouts, beet, orange, collard greens, lemon, lime, apple, grape, grapeseed, pineapple, goji berry, banana, mango, kiwi, onion, cucumber,watermelon, aronia berry, acai berry, cabbage, asparagus, pear, red bellpepper, green bell pepper, plum, parsley, sweet potato, radish sprouts,okra, pumpkin, and combinations thereof.

In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, thevitamin supplement composition further comprises a vitamin/mineralselected from the group consisting of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin,niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, vitamin D, vitaminE, vitamin K, calcium, chloride, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine,iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, potassium,silicon, selenium, sodium, sulfur, tin, vanadium, zinc, and combinationsthereof.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vitaminsupplement composition further comprises an amino acid selected from thegroup consisting of L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-asparticacid, L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-glycine, L-histidine,L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-valine,and combinations thereof.

The present invention is also directed to a vitamin supplementcomposition having a vitamin complex with enhanced bioavailability,comprising: (a) a vitamin B complex, wherein the vitamin B complexcomprises: (1) a first vitamin, wherein the first vitamin comprises[(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy]phosphonic acid; (2) asecond vitamin, wherein the second vitamin comprisesN-[4-[[[(6S)-2-amino-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-5-methyl-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl]methyl]-amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamicacid, glucosamine salt; and (3) a third vitamin, wherein the thirdvitamin comprises methylcobalamin, wherein the weight ratio of the firstvitamin to the second vitamin to the third vitamin ranges fromapproximately 300:50:1 to approximately 30:50:1 by weight of the totalvitamin B complex; (b) at least five amino acids selected from the groupconsisting of L-alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid,L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, L-glycine, L-histidine,L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine,L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, andL-valine; (c) minerals; and (d) wherein any remainder comprises adjunctagents.

The present invention is further directed to a method for treating anindividual having known or unknown MTHFR CT polymorphism, comprising thestep(s) of: orally administering a vitamin B complex, wherein thevitamin B complex comprises: (a) a first vitamin, wherein the firstvitamin comprises a form of vitamin B₆; (b) a second vitamin, whereinthe second vitamin comprises a form of vitamin B₉; (c) a third vitamin,wherein the third vitamin comprises a form of vitamin B₁₂; and (d)wherein the first vitamin, the second vitamin, and the third vitamincooperate synergistically to enhance bioavailability of the same.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many differentforms, there is shown in the structural formulas and described herein indetail several specific embodiments with the understanding that thepresent disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of theprinciples of the invention and is not intended to limit the inventionto the embodiments illustrated. It will be understood that thestructural formulas disclosed herein are intended to comprise allstereochemcial configurations regardless of graphical representations.

In accordance with the present invention, vitamin supplementcompositions are disclosed herein that include vitamins and/or vitamincomplexes having enhanced bioavailability for maximizing nutritionalabsorption. Without being bound by any one particular theory, it isbelieved that the vitamin supplement compositions of the presentinvention facilitate enhanced bioavailability by reducing and/oreliminating multi-step biochemical conversions and/or are formulated insuch a manner that relevant vitamins or their nutraceutically acceptablesalts or solvates are neither compromised and/or adversely affected byother and/or adjunct ingredients. It will be understood that the vitaminsupplement compositions of the present invention are preferablyswallowable, chewable, and/or dissolvable and suitable for use inliquid, gel, tablet, pill, capsule, powder, and/or other conventionalsupplement forms.

In a first embodiment of the present invention, the vitamin supplementcompositions preferably include a vitamin complex having enhancedbioavailability for maximizing nutritional absorption, relative tovitamin supplement compositions having primarily synthetic and/orconventional vitamers. In accordance with the present invention thevitamin complex preferably includes a first vitamin, wherein the firstvitamin comprises a specific vitamer and/or derivative of vitamin B₆, asecond vitamin, wherein the second vitamin comprises a specific vitamerand/or derivative of vitamin B₉, and a third vitamin, wherein the thirdvitamin comprises a specific vitamer and/or derivative of vitamin B₁₂.

For purposes of the present disclosure, the first vitamin preferablycomprises the structure of formula I or nutraceutically acceptable salts(e.g., deprotonated derivatives) or solvates thereof:

wherein R₁-R₆, are each independently selected from the group consistingof H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl,alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid, acid halide, acid anhydride,ester, and/or amide group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25carbon atom(s); wherein at least three of R₁-R₅ comprise OH; and whereinX₁-X₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of N—R₆;O; and S. In particular, the first vitamin preferably comprises thestructure of formula II or nutraceutically acceptable salts or solvatesthereof:

For purposes of reducing any potential ambiguity associated with thestructure of formula II, it will be understood that this structure is avitamer of vitamin B₆ known as[(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy]phosphonic acid and/orpyridoxal-5′-phosphate and is commercially available fromSigma-Aldrich—among other chemical suppliers.

In one embodiment, the second vitamin preferably comprises a folatederivative and/or the structure of formula III or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:

wherein R₁-R₁₂, are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl,alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl, alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid, acidhalide, acid anhydride, ester, and/or amide group containingapproximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and wherein X₁-X₄are each independently selected from the group consisting of N—R₁₂; O;and S. In particular, the second vitamin preferably comprises thestructure of formula IV or nutraceutically acceptable salts or solvatesthereof:

For purposes of reducing any potential ambiguity associated with thestructure of formula IV, it will be understood that this structure is avitamer of vitamin B₉ known asN-[4-[[[(6S)-2-amino-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-5-methyl-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl]methyl]-amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamicacid, glucosamine salt.

In accordance with the present invention, the third vitamin preferablycomprises the structure of formula V or nutraceutically acceptable saltsor solvates thereof:

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl,cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl,alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl, alcohol, ether, ketone,carboxylic acid, acid halide, acid anhydride, ester, and/or amide groupcontaining approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s). Inparticular, the third vitamin preferably comprises the structure offormula V or nutraceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:

For purposes of reducing any potential ambiguity associated with thestructure of formula VI, it will be understood that this structure is avitamer of vitamin B₁₂ known as methylcobalamin and is commerciallyavailable from Sigma-Aldrich—among other chemical suppliers.

The weight ratio of the first vitamin to the second vitamin to the thirdvitamin preferably ranges from approximately 300:50:1 to approximately100:20:1 by weight of the total vitamin B complex, and more preferablyranges from approximately 250:75:1 to approximately 30:50:1 by weight ofthe total vitamin B complex. In one embodiment, the weight ratio of thefirst vitamin to the second vitamin to the third vitamin isapproximately 200:55:1 by weight of the vitamin B complex.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the vitamin supplementcompositions optionally include animal protein and/or plant protein.Suitable examples of proteins include, for example, egg protein, milkprotein, whey protein, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate,whey protein hydrolysate, casein protein, hydrolyzed protein, soyprotein, rice protein, pea protein, quinoa protein, oat protein, and/orcranberry protein.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the vitamin supplementcompositions optionally include a saturated fat, a trans fat, amonounsaturated fat, and/or a polyunsaturated fat—especially includingomega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Suitable examples include, but are notlimited to, hexadecatrienoic acid, α-linolenic acid, stearidonic acid,eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid,heneicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, clupanodonic acid,docosahexaenoic acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid, tetracosahexaenoic acid,linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, calendic acid, eicosadienoic acid,dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosadienoic acid,adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, tetracosatetraenoic acid, and/ortetracosapentaenoic acid.

The vitamin supplement compositions of the present invention alsooptionally include one or more amino acids. Non-limiting examples ofamino acids include L and D enantiomers of alanine, arginine,asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and/or valine.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the vitamin supplementcompositions also optionally include one or more prebiotics, such asgalacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides, also known asoligogalactosyllactose, oligogalactose, oligolactose or transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS).

In accordance with the present invention, the vitamin supplementcompositions also optionally include one or more nucleotides(adenosine-5′-monophosphate, cytidine-5′-monophosphate, disodiumguanosine-5′-monophosphate, disodium uridine-5′-monophosphate,etcetera).

Preferably, the vitamin supplement compositions of the present inventioninclude additional vitamins and minerals. Examples include vitamin A,other B vitamins, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin,vitamin C, choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, chloride,chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron (e.g., ferrous gluconate,Ferronyl™) magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus,potassium, silicon, selenium, sodium, sulfur, tin, vanadium, zinc, andcombinations thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the vitamin supplementcompositions also optionally include one or more enzymes and/or fruits,including, but not limited to, amylase, bromelain, cellulose, lactase,lipase, papain, protease, actinidia deliciosa (whole fruit) extract(kiwi), mango (fruit), etcetera.

The vitamin supplement compositions of the present invention may alsoinclude one or more of sweeteners, beeswax, carnuba wax, flavors (e.g.,cocoa, coffee, fruit flavors, natural and/or artificial flavors,etcetera), emulsifiers, preservatives, colors, glaze, syrups, silica,malic acid, citric acid, magnesium stearate, cellulose, microcrystallinecellulose, croscarmellose sodium, silicon dioxide, maltodextrin,sunflower lecithin, guar gum, sunflower oil, coconut oil, vegetablecellulose, stearic acid, vegetable magnesium stearate, pectin, sodiumcitrate, dicalcium phosphate, medicaments, herbal additives, spiceadditives (e.g., turmeric, cumin, ginger, cinnamon), phyto additives,plant additives, additional anti-oxidants, buffers, thickening agents,stabilizers, and/or a solvents.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the vitaminsupplement composition further comprises one or more fruits andvegetables, preferably in powder form, selected from the groupconsisting of blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, elderberry,cranberry, blackberry, bilberry, black currant, pomegranate, broccoli,broccoli sprouts, tomato, carrot, spinach, kale, cauliflower, brusselssprouts, beet, orange, collard greens, lemon, lime, apple, grape, grapeseed, pineapple, goji berry, banana, mango, kiwi, onion, cucumber,watermelon, aronia berry, acai berry, cabbage, asparagus, pear, red bellpepper, green bell pepper, plum, parsley, sweet potato, radish sprouts,okra, pumpkin, and combinations thereof.

In accordance with the present invention, the vitamin supplementcomposition may further comprise citicoline (also known as CDP-choline,cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine) and/or nutraceutically acceptable salts orsolvates thereof, which is represented by the structure of formula VIIprovided herein below:

In further accordance with the present invention, the vitamin supplementcomposition may further comprise pantethine and/or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof, which is represented by thestructure of formula VIII provided herein below:

Provided below is a non-limiting example of a multi-vitamin supplementcomposition in accordance with the present invention. The vitamins,minerals, and/or ingredients are as follows: Vitamin A Palmitate, BetaCarotene (500-4000 IU), Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate, Acerola Cherryfruit extract (20-150 mg), D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine®)(200-800 IU), D-alpha tocopherol acetate, natural mixed tocopherols(5-100 IU), K1 as Phylloquinone and K2 as Menaquinone-7 (Vitamink7™)(6-80 mcg), Thiamine Mononitrate (0.25-5 mg), Riboflavin-5-Phosphate(0.25-5 mg), Niacinamide (2-25 mg), Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (0.3-50 mg),Quatrefolic®-(6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate glucosamine salt (50-800mcg), Methylcobalamin (1-15 mcg), Biotin (5-300 mcg), Calciumpantothenate (2-15 mg), Calcium citrate malate, Calcium BisglycinateChelate (50-500 mg), Ferronyl™ carbonyl iron, Ferrochel® FerrousBisglycinate Chelate (2-30 mg), Kelp (10-200 mcg), MagnesiumBisglycinate Chelate (10-200 mg), Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate (2-15 mg),Selenium Glycinate Complex (8-75 mcg), Copper Bisglycinate Chelate(0.1-2 mg), Manganese Bisglycinate Chelate (0.5-3 mg), ChromiumNicotinate Glycinate Chelate (15-150 mcg), Molybdenum Glycinate Chelate(10-100 mcg), Choline Bitartrate (2-200 mg), Bororganic™ Glycine(0.25-150 mcg), Marigold flower extract (10-25 mcg), Tomato extract(10-25 mcg), Inositol (5-50 mcg) and Fruit and vegetable powders (50-300mg).

Provided below are additional non-limiting examples of vitaminsupplement compositions.

Example 2 (Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin A Palmitate, Beta Carotene 500-5000 IU Parchem AscorbicAcid, Calcium Ascorbate, Acerola Cherry fruit extract 20-250 mg ParchemD3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 200-800 IU Vegetology D-alphatocopherol acetate, natural 5-150 IU Parchem mixed tocopherols K1 asPhylloquinone and K2 as 5-100 mcg Parchem/Gnosis USA, Inc. Menaquinone-7(vitamink7 ™ ) Thiamine Mononitrate 0.25-7 mg ParchemRiboflavin-5-Phosphate 0.25-7 mg Parchem Niacinamide 2-25 mg ParchemPyridoxal-5-Phosphate 0.1-50 mg Parchem Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 25-1,000mcg Gnosis USA, Inc. methyltetrahydrofolate glucosamine saltMethylcobalamin 1-30 mcg Parchem Biotin 5-500 mcg Parchem Calciumpantothenate 2-50 mg Parchem Calcium citrate malate, Calcium 50-700 mgAlbion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate Ferronyl ™ carbonyl iron,Ferrochel ® 1-50 mg Albion/Balchem/Ashland Ferrous Bisglycinate ChelateKelp 1-500 mcg Parchem Magnesium Bisglycinate Chelate 1-500 mgAlbion/Balchem Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate 1-30 mg Albion/Balchem SeleniumGlycinate Complex 2-200 mcg Albion/Balchem Copper Bisglycinate Chelate0.1-5 mg Albion/Balchem Magnesium Bisglycinate Chelate 0.1-5 mgAlbion/Balchem Chromium Nicotinate Glycinate 1-450 mcg Albion/BalchemChelate Molybdenum Glycinate Chelate 1-300 mcg Albion/Balchem CholineBitartrate 1-600 mg Parchem Bororganic ™ Glycine 0.25-250 mcgAlbion/Balchem Marigold flower extract 1-50 mcg Parchem Tomato extract1-50 mcg Parchem Inositol 1-100 mcg Parchem Fruit and vegetable powders1-500 mg Powder Pure

Example 3 (B Complex) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourcePyridoxal-5-Phosphate .3-50 mg Parchem Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcgGnosis methyltetrahydrofolate glucosamine salt Methylcobalamin 1-500 mcgParchem

Example 4 (Calcium) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceCalcium citrate malate, Calcium 50-500 mg Albion/Balchem BisglycinateChelate D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 100-800 IU VegetologyMagnesium Bisglycinate Chelate 10-200 mg Albion/Balchem ZincBisglycinate Chelate 2-15 mg Albion/Balchem

Example 5 (Immune Support) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate and 20-150 mg Parchem fromacerola fruit extract Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) 10-50 mgParchem extract (berry) Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate 2-15 mg Albion/BalchemBlackberry, Blueberry, Acerola Cherry 10-200 mg Powder Pure

Example 6 (Brain & Cardiovascular Support) Amount per serving:Ingredient Name Amount Source Opti3 Omega 3 Complex 50-1,000 mgVegetology D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 100-400 IU Vegetology

Example 7 (Vitamin D) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceD3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 200-800 IU Vegetology Fruit andvegetable powders 50-300 mg Powder Pure

Example 8 (Women’s Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (from Acerola Cherry 20-150 mg FutureCeuticalsfruit extract) (60 mg) D3 Vegan Cholecalciterol 5-50 mcg The GUT(VitaShine ®) (15 mcg) Companies Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol 5-100IU Marroquin succinate) (20 IU) Organics Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7:2-100 mcg Gnosis VitaMK7 ®) (20 mcg) Niacin (as Inositol hexanicotinateand 2-25 mg Parchem nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) (10 mg) Thiamin(as Cocarboxylase) .25-5 mg Parchem (.375 mg) Riboflavin (asRiboflavin-5- .25-5 mg Parchem Phosphate) (.425 mg) Pantothenic Acid (asPantethine: 2-15 mg Kyowa Hakko Pantesin ®) (2.5 mg) USA Vitamin B6 (asPyridoxal-5- 0.5-50 mg Parchem Phosphate) (6 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5-50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (600 mcg) glucosamine saltVitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (8 mcg) Biotin (asd-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM (20 mcg) Iodine (from Kelp) 10-200 mcg Parchem(38 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline: Cognizin ®) 2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko (20mg) USA Boron: (as Calcium Fructoborate: .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticalsFruiteX-B ®) (1 mg) Zinc (as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate) 2-15 mgAlbion/Balchem (5 mg) Selenium (as Selenium Glycinate 8-75 mcgAlbion/Balchem Complex) (10 mcg) Iron (as Ferric Glycinate) 2-30 mgAlbion/Balchem (8 mg) Magnesium (as Magnesium 10-200 mg Albion/BalchemBisglycinate Chelate) (30 mg) Lutein (from marigolds: FloraGlo ®) 10mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (100 mcg) Zeaxanthin (from marigolds: 10 mcg-10 mgKemin/DSM ZeaOne ®) (100 mcg) Fruit and vegetable powder blend: 20-200mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, (100 mg) TartCherry, Elderberry, Cranberry, Broccoli, Broccoli Sprouts, Tomato,Carrot, Spinach, Kale)

Example 9 (Men's Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (from Acerola Cherry fruit extract) 20-150 mg(60mg) FutureCeuticals D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg(15 mcg) The GHT Companies Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol succinate)5-100 IU (20 IU) Marroquin Organics Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7:VitaMK7 ®) 2-100 mcg Gnosis (20 mcg) Niacin (as Inositol hexanicotinateand 2-25 mg (10 mg) Parchem nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Thiamin(as Cocarboxylase) .25-5 mg Parchem (.375 mg) Riboflavin (asRiboflavin - 5- Phosphate) .25-5 mg Parchem (.425 mg) Pantothenic Acid(as Pantethine: Pantesing 2-15 mg (2.5 mg) Kyowa Hakko USA Vitamin B6(as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (6 mg) Parchem Quatrefolic ® -(65)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosis glucosamine salt (400mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (8 mcg) Biotin(as d-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM (20 mcg) Iodine (from Kelp) 10-200 mcgParchem (38 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline: Cognizin ®) 2-600 mg (20 mg)Kyowa Hakko USA Boron: (as Calcium Fructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) .25 mcg-2mg FutureCeuticals (500 mcg) Zinc (as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate) 2-15 mgAlbion/Balchem (5 mg) Selenium (as Selenium Glycinate Complex) 8-75 mcg(20 mcg) Albion/Balchem Magnesium (as Magnesium Bisglycinate 10-200 mgAlbion/Balchem Chelate) (30 mg) Lutein (from marigolds: FloraGlo ®) 10mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (100 mcg) Zeaxanthin (from marigolds: ZeaOne ®) 10mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (100 mcg) Lycopene (from tomato extract: redivivo ®)10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (500 mcg) Fruit and vegetable powder blend:20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, TartCherry, (100 mg) Elderberry, Cranberry, Broccoli, Broccoli Sprouts,Tomato, Carrot, Spinach, Kale)

Example 10 (Children's Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (from Acerola Cherry fruit extract) 20-150 mg(40mg) FutureCeuticals D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg(10 mcg) The GHT Companies Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol succinate)5-100 IU (6 IU) Marroquin Organics Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7:VitaMK7 ®) 2-100 mcg Gnosis (5 mcg) Niacin (as Inositol hexanicotinateand 2-25 mg (5 mg) Parchem nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Thiamin(as Cocarboxylase) .25-5 mg Parchem (.3 mg) Riboflavin (as Riboflavin -5- Phosphate) .25-5 mg Parchem (.425 mg) Pantothenic Acid (asPantethine: Pantesing 2-15 mg (2 mg) Kyowa Hakko USA Vitamin B6 (asPyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (1 mg) Parchem Quatrefolic ® -(65)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosis glucosamine salt (200mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (2 mcg) Biotin(as d-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM (20 mcg) Iodine (from Kelp) 10-200 mcgParchem (40 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline: Cognizin ®) 2-600 mg (50 mg)Kyowa Hakko USA Boron: (as Calcium Fructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) .25 mcg-2mg FutureCeuticals (100 mcg) Zinc (as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate) 2-15 mgAlbion/Balchem (4 mg) Iron (as Ferric Glycinate) 2-30 mg (6 mg)Albion/Balchem Magnesium (as Magnesium Bisglycinate 10-200 mgAlbion/Balchem Chelate) (20 mg) Selenium (as Selenium Glycinate Complex)8-75 mcg (10 mcg) Albion/Balchem Lutein (from marigolds: FloraGlo ®) 10mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (50 mcg) Zeaxanthin (from marigolds: ZeaOne ®) 10mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (50 mcg) Fruit and vegetable powder blend: 20-200 mgFutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, Tart Cherry, (100 mg)Elderberry, Cranberry, Broccoli, Broccoli Sprouts, Tomato, Carrot,Spinach, Kale)

Example 11 (Prenatal Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) 20-150 mg (60mg) Parchem D3Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg (20 mcg) The GHT CompaniesVitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol succinate) 5-100 IU (10 IU) MarroquinOrganics Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7: VitaMK7 ®) 2-100 mcg Gnosis (40mcg) Niacin (as Inositol hexanicotinate and 2-25 mg (10 mg) Parchemnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Thiamin (as Cocarboxylase) .25-5 mgParchem (2 mg) Riboflavin (as Riboflavin - 5- Phosphate) .25-5 mgParchem (1 mg) Pantothenic Acid (as Pantethine: Pantesing 2-15 mg (4 mg)Kyowa Hakko USA Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (6 mg)Parchem Quatrefolic ® - (65)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosisglucosamine salt (800 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (8 mcg) Biotin (as d-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM (30 mcg) Iodine (asPotassium Iodide) 10-200 mcg Parchem (150 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline:Cognizin ®) 2-600 mg (50 mg) Kyowa Hakko USA Boron: (as CalciumFructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticals (1 mg) Zinc (asZinc Bisglycinate Chelate) 2-15 mg Albion/Balchem (10 mg) Selenium (asSelenium Glycinate Complex) 8-75 mcg (20 mcg) Albion/Balchem Iron (asFerric Glycinate) 2-30 mg (18 mg) Albion/Balchem Magnesium (as MagnesiumBisglycinate 10-200 mg Albion/Balchem Chelate) (100 mg) Copper (asCopper Bisglycinate Chelate) .1-2 mg Albion/Balchem (1 mg) Calcium (asCalcium Bisglycinate Chelate) 50-600 mg Albion/Balchem (100 mg) Lutein(from marigolds: FloraGlo ®) 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (2 mg) Zeaxanthin(from marigolds: ZeaOne ®) 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (500 mcg) Fruit andvegetable powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry,Raspberry, Blueberry, Tart Cherry, (100 mg) Elderberry, Cranberry,Broccoli, Broccoli Sprouts, Tomato, Carrot, Spinach, Kale)

Example 12 (Hair, Skin & Nails) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (from Acerola Cherry fruit extract) 20-150 mg(20mg) FutureCeuticals D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg(10 mcg) The GHT Companies Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50mg (2 mg) Parchem Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800mcg Gnosis glucosamine salt (200 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin)0.5-15 mcg Parchem (4 mcg) Biotin (as d-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM (100 mcg)Cranberry seed oil 200-600mg Nutrativa Global (500 mg) Black Currantseed oil 200-600mg Connoils (500 mg) Whole coffee fruit extract:Coffeeberry ® 50-500 mg FutureCeuticals Cascara (50 mg) Fruit powderblend: (50 mg) FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, TartCherry, 20-200 mg Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 13 (B Complex) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceVitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-) 0.5-50 mg (6 mg) Parchem PhosphateQuatrefolic ® - (6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolateglucosamine (800 mcg) salt Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (8 mcg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals(Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, (50 mg) Tart Cherry, Elderberry,Cranberry)

Example 14 (Immune-Adult) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin C (from Acerola Cherry 20-150 mg (80mg) FutureCeuticalsfruit extract) Elderberry 25-100 mg FutureCeuticals (50 mg) BlackCurrant 5-50 mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticals Blackberry 5-50 mg (10 mg)FutureCeuticals Blueberry 5-50 mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticals Raspberry 5-50mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticals Pomegranate 5-50 mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticalsD3 Vegan Cholecalciferol 5-50 mcg (10 mcg) The GHT (VitaShine ®)Companies Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate 2-15 mg (6 mg) Albion/BalchemVitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5- .5-15 mg (1 mg) Parchem Phosphate)Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (100mcg) glucosamine salt Methylcobalamin 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (2 mcg)

Example 15 (Immune-Children) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin C (from Acerola Cherry 20-150 mg (80mg) FutureCeuticalsfruit extract) Elderberry 25-100 mg FutureCeuticals (50 mg) BlackCurrant 5-50 mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticals Blackberry 5-50 mg (10 mg)FutureCeuticals Blueberry 5-50 mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticals Raspberry 5-50mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticals Pomegranate 5-50 mg (10 mg) FutureCeuticalsD3 Vegan Cholecalciferol 5-50 mcg (5 mcg) The GHT (VitaShine ®)Companies Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate 2-15 mg (4 mg) Albion/BalchemVitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5- .5-15 mg (1 mg) Parchem Phosphate)Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolateglucosamine (100 mcg) salt Methylcobalamin 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (1 mcg)

Example 16 (Calcium-Adult) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Calcium (as Calcium Bisglycinate Chelate) 50-600 mgAlbion/Balchem (200 mg) Calcium (as Calcium potassium phosphate 50-600mg Albion/Balchem citrate: Calci-K ®) (50 mg) D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol(VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg (5 mcg) The GHT Companies Vitamin K2 (asMenaquinone-7: VitaMK7 ®) 2-100 mcg Gnosis (10 mcg) Magnesium (asMagnesium Bisglycinate 10-400 mg Albion/Balchem Chelate) (250 mg) Zinc(as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate) 2-15 mg Albion/Balchem (6 mg) Boron: (asCalcium Fructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticals (200mcg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (1 mg) ParchemQuatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosisglucosamine salt (100 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (2 mcg)

Example 17 (Calcium-Children) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Calcium (as Calcium Bisglycinate Chelate) 50-600 mgAlbion/Balchem (125 mg) Calcium (as Calcium potassium phosphate 50-600mg Albion/Balchem citrate: Calci-K ®) (25 mg) D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol(VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg (5 mcg) The GHT Companies Vitamin K2 (asMenaquinone-7: VitaMK7 ®) 2-100 mcg Gnosis (5 mcg) Magnesium (asMagnesium Bisglycinate 10-400 mg Albion/Balchem Chelate) (150 mg) Zinc(as Zinc Bisglycinate Chelate) 2-15 mg Albion/Balchem (4 mg) Boron: (asCalcium Fructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticals (100mcg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (1 mg) ParchemQuatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosisglucosamine salt (100 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (1 mcg)

Example 18 (Brain & Eye Health-Adult) Amount per serving: IngredientName Amount Source Omega Oil (Chia Oil & DHA from Algae Oil) 100-800 mgDSM (275 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (1 mg)Parchem Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosisglucosamine salt (200 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (2 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline: Cognizin ®) 2-600 mg Kyowa HakkoUSA (200 mg) Lutein (from marigolds: FloraGlo ®) 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM(4 mg) Zeaxanthin (from marigolds: ZeaOne ®) 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (1mg) Lycopene (from tomato extract: redivivo ®) 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM (1mg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg (50 mg) FutureCeuticals (Strawberry,Raspberry, Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 19 (Brain & Eye Health-Children) Amount per serving: IngredientName Amount Source Omega Oil (Chia Oil & DHA from 100-800 mg DSM AlgaeOil) (275 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5- 0.5-50 mg Parchem Phosphate)(1 mg) Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate(200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (1 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline: Cognizin ®) 2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko(50 mg) USA Lutein (from marigolds: FloraGlo ®) 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM(2 mg) Zeaxanthin (from marigolds: 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM ZeaOne ®) (500mcg) Lycopene (from tomato extract: 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM redivivo ®))(500 mcg) Raspberry fruit powder 25-100 mg FutureCeuticals (60 mg)

Example 20 (Vitamin D3-Adult) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg (25 mcg) The GHTCompanies Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone-7: VitaMK7 ®) 2-100 mcg Gnosis (5mcg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (1 mg) ParchemQuatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosisglucosamine salt (200 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (2 mcg) Boron: (as Calcium Fructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) .25 mcg-2mg FutureCeuticals (200 mcg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mgFutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, Tart Cherry, (50 mg)Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 21 (Vitamin D3-Children) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source D3 Vegan Cholecalciferol (VitaShine ®) 5-50 mcg (15 mcg)The GHT Companies Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg (1 mg)Parchem Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate 50-800 mcg Gnosisglucosamine salt (200 mcg) Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcgParchem (1 mcg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals(Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, Tart Cherry, (25 mg) Elderberry,Cranberry)

Example 22 (Eye Health-Adult) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Lutein (from marigolds: 10 mcg-10 mg Kemin/DSM FloraGlo ®) (8 mg)Zeaxanthin (from marigolds: .5-3 mg (2 mg) Kemin/DSM ZeaOne ®) VitaminB6 (as Pyridoxal-5- 0.5-50 mg Parchem Phosphate) (1 mg) Quatrefolic ® -(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (100 mcg) glucosaminesalt Vitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (2 mcg)Bilberry fruit powder 25-100 mg FutureCeuticals (50 mg) Fruit powderblend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, Blueberry, (50mg) Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 23 (Caffeine) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceCaffeine (from Organic Coffeeberry ® 25-200 mg FutureCeuticals Energyorganic coffee fruit caffeine) (50 mg) Vitamin B6 (asPyridoxal-5-Phosphate) 0.5-50 mg Parchem (1 mg) Quatrefolic ® - (6S)-5-50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate glucosamine (200 mcg) saltVitamin B12 (as Methylcobalamin) 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (2 mcg) L-Theanine(Suntheanine ®) 25-200 mg Taiyo (100 mg) International

Example 24 (Iron-Adult) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals Cherry fruitextract) (30 mg) Iron (as Ferric Glycinate) 2-30 mg Albion/Balchem (18mg) Vitamin B6 (as 0.5-50 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg)Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg)glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (as Methylcobalamin) (2mcg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry,Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 25 (Iron-Children) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals Cherry fruitextract) (20 mg) Iron (as Ferric Glycinate) 2-30 mg Albion/Balchem (10mg) Vitamin B6 (as 0.5-50 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg)Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg)glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (1mcg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry,Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 26 (Vitamin C) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceVitamin C (from Acerola 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals Cherry fruit extract)(150 mg) Quercetin 50-200 mg FutureCeuticals (50 mg) Vitamin B6 (as0.5-50 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5-50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (100 mcg) glucosamine saltVitamin B12 (as 0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (2 mcg) Fruit powderblend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg)Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 27 (Choline & Coffee Fruit Extract) Amount per serving:Ingredient Name Amount Source Choline (as Citicoline: 2-600 mg KyowaHakko USA Cognizin ®) (250 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal- 0.5-50 mgParchem 5-Phosphate) (2 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosismethyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (2 mcg) Whole coffee fruit extract: 25-200mg FutureCeuticals NeuroFactor ™ (100 mg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mgFutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, Tart Cherry,Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 28 (Post Workout Recovery) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Whole Montmorency tart 300-500 mg FutureCeuticals cherryfruit powder: (480 mg) VitaCherry ® Sport Quercetin 100-300 mgFutureCeuticals (250 mg) Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-80 mgFutureCeuticals Cherry fruit extract) (40 mg) Whole coffee fruitextract: 50-500 mg FutureCeuticals Coffeeberry ® Cascara (50 mg)Magnesium (as Magnesium 10-200 mg Albion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate)(40 mg) Zinc (as Zinc 2-15 mg Albion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate) (4mg) Boron: (as Calcium .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticals Fructoborate:FruiteX-B ®) (500 mcg) Senonian Trace Minerals: 5-20 mg FutureCeuticalselemin ® (10 mg) Vitamin B6 (as 0.5-50 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate)(2 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate(200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15 mcg ParchemMethylcobalamin) (2 mcg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals(Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry,Cranberry)

Example 29 (Sport Performance with Caffeine) Amount per serving:Ingredient Name Amount Source Caffeine (from Organic 25-200 mgFutureCeuticals Coffeeberry ® Energy (50 mg) organic coffee fruitcaffeine) Ancient peat and apple 100-200 mg FutureCeuticals extract:elevATP ® (150 mg) Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-80 mg FutureCeuticalsCherry fruit extract) (20 mg) Thiamin (as Cocarboxylase) .25-5 mgParchem (.25 mg) Niacin (as Inositol 2-25 mg Parchem hexanicotinate and(4 mg) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Riboflavin (as Riboflavin-.25-5 mg Parchem 5-Phosphate) (.25 mg) Pantothenic Acid (as 1-15 mgKyowa Hakko USA Pantethine: Pantesin ®) (1 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-0.5-50 mg Parchem 5-Phosphate) (2 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcgGnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (2 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline:2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko USA Cognizin ®) (20 mg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, TartCherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 30 (Sport Performance) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Ancient peat and apple 100-200 mg FutureCeuticals extract:elevATP ® (150 mg) Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-80 mg FutureCeuticalsCherry fruit extract) (20 mg) Thiamin (as Cocarboxylase) .25-5 mgParchem (.25 mg) Niacin (as Inositol 2-25 mg Parchem hexanicotinate and(4 mg) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Riboflavin (as Riboflavin-.25-5 mg Parchem 5-Phosphate) (.25 mg) Pantothenic Acid (as 1-15 mgKyowa Hakko USA Pantethine: Pantesin ®) (1 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-0.5-50 mg Parchem 5-Phosphate) (2 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcgGnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (2 mcg) Choline (as Citicoline:2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko USA Cognizin ®) (20 mg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, TartCherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 31 (Prenatal Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid) 20-150 mg Parchem (60 mg) D3Vegan Cholecalciferol 5-50 mcg The GHT Companies (VitaShine ®) (40 mcg)Vitamin E (as d-alpha 5-100 IU Marroquin Organics tocopherol succinate)(10 IU) Vitamin K2 (as Menaquinone- 2-100 mcg Gnosis 7: VitaMK7 ®) (60mcg) Niacin (as Inositol hexanico- 2-25 mg Parchem tinate andnicotinamide (10 mg) adenine dinucleotide) Thiamin (as Cocarboxylase).25-5 mg Parchem (2 mg) Riboflavin (as Riboflavin- .25-5 mg Parchem5-Phosphate) (1 mg) Pantothenic Acid (as 2-15 mg Kyowa Hakko USAPantethine: Pantesin ®) (4 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal- 0.5-50 mgParchem 5-Phosphate) (6 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosismethyltetrahydrofolate (800 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (8 mcg) Biotin (as d-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM(30 mcg) Iodine (as Potassium Iodide) 10-200 mcg Parchem (150 mcg)Choline (as Citicoline: 2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko USA Cognizin ®) (50 mg)Boron: (as Calcium .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticals Fructoborate:FruiteX-B ®) (1 mg) Zinc (as Zinc Bisglycinate 2-15 mg Albion/BalchemChelate) (10 mg) Selenium (as Selenium 8-75 mcg Albion/Balchem GlycinateComplex) (20 mcg) Iron (as Ferrous Bisglycinate 2-30 mg Albion/BalchemChelate: Ferrochel ®) (22 mg) Magnesium (as Magnesium 10-200 mgAlbion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate) (30 mg) Copper (as Copper .1-2 mgAlbion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate) (1 mg) Omega Oil (DHA from 100-800mg DSM Algae Oil) (300 mg) Fruit and vegetable powder 20-200 mgFutureCeuticals blend: (Strawberry, Raspberry, (60 mg) Blueberry, TartCherry, Elderberry, Cranberry, Broccoli, Broccoli Sprouts, Tomato,Carrot, Spinach, Kale)

Example 32 (Children's Multivitamin) Amount per serving: Ingredient NameAmount Source Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals Cherryfruit extract) (40 mg) D3 Vegan Cholecal- 5-50 mcg The GHT Companiesciferol (VitaShine ®) (10 mcg) Vitamin E (as d-alpha 5-100 IU MarroquinOrganics tocopherol succinate) (6 IU) Vitamin K2 (as 2-100 mcg GnosisMenaquinone-7: (5 mcg) VitaMK7 ®) Niacin (as Inositol 2-25 mg Parchemhexanicotinate and (5 mg) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Thiamin (as.25-5 mg Parchem Cocarboxylase) (.3 mg) Riboflavin (as Riboflavin- .25-5mg Parchem 5-Phosphate) (.425 mg) Pantothenic Acid (as 2-15 mg KyowaHakko USA Pantethine: Pantesin ®) (2 mg) Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-0.5-50 mg Parchem Phosphate) (1 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcgGnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (2 mcg) Biotin (as d-Biotin) 5-300mcg DSM (20 mcg) Iodine (from Kelp) 10-200 mcg Parchem (40 mcg) Choline(as Citicoline: 2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko USA Cognizin ®) (50 mg) Boron: (asCalcium .25 mcg-2 mg FutureCeuticals Fructoborate: FruiteX-B ®) (100mcg) Zinc (as Zinc 2-15 mg Albion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate) (4 mg)Iron (as Ferric Glycinate) 2-30 mg Albion/Balchem (6 mg) Magnesium (asMagnesium 10-200 mg Albion/Balchem Bisglycinate Chelate) (20 mg)Selenium (as Selenium 8-75 mcg Albion/Balchem Glycinate Complex) (10mcg) Lutein (from marigolds: 10 mcg-2 mg Kemin/DSM FloraGlo ®) (50 mcg)Zeaxanthin (from 10 mcg-2 mg Kemin/DSM marigolds: ZeaOne ®) (50 mcg)Inulin (from Jerusalem 5-30 mg The Green Labs Artichoke Root (20 mg)Rose Hips: AuroraRed ®) 5-50 mg Denali BioTechnologies (10 mg) FruitEnzyme Blend 5-20 mg FutureCeuticals (10 mg) Fruit and vegetable 20-200mg FutureCeuticals powder blend: (200 mg) Blueberry, Strawberry,Raspberry, Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry, Blackberry, Bilberry, BlackCurrant, Pomegranate, Broccoli, Broccoli Sprouts, Tomato, Carrot,Spinach, Kale, Cauliflower, Brussels Sprouts, Beet, Orange, CollardGreens, Lemon, Lime, Apple, Grape, Grape Seed, Pineapple, Goji Berry,Banana, Mango, Kiwi, Onion, Cucumber, Watermelon, Aronia Berry, AcaiBerry, Cabbage, Asparagus, Pear, Red bell pepper, Green bell pepper,Plum, Parsley, Sweet potato, Radish sprouts, Okra, Pumpkin

Example 33 (Immune) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceVitamin C (from Acerola 20-80 mg FutureCeuticals Cherry fruit extract)(40 mg) Beta-Glucan from Algae: 50-300 mg Kemin/DSM BetaVia ® (200 mg)Vitamin B6 (as .5-15 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg)Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (100 mcg)glucosamine salt 0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin (2 mcg) Fruit powderblend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg)Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 34 (Trace Minerals) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Senonian Trace 5-20 mg FutureCeuticals Minerals: elemin ® (10 mg)Vitamin B6 (as .5-15 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg)Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (100 mcg)glucosamine salt Methylcobalamin 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (2 mcg) Fruit powderblend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg)Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry, Cranberry)

Example 35 (Caffeine) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name Amount SourceCaffeine (from Organic 25-200 mg FutureCeuticals Coffeeberry ® Energy(90 mg) organic coffee fruit caffeine) Vitamin B6 (as 0.5-50 mg ParchemPyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosismethyltetrahydrofolate (200 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (2 mcg)

Example 36 (Vitamin A from Fruits & Vegetables) Amount per serving:Ingredient Name Amount Source Apricot powder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals(100 mg) Broccoli powder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg) Carrotpowder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg) Kale powder 20-150 mgFutureCeuticals (100 mg) Mango powder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg)Pumpkin powder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg) Red bell pepper powder20-150 mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg) Spinach powder 20-150 mgFutureCeuticals (100 mg) Sweet potato powder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals(100 mg) Tomato powder 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg) Vitamin B6 (as.5-15 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (1 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5-50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate (100 mcg) glucosamine saltMethylcobalamin 0.5-15 mcg Parchem (2 mcg)

Example 37 (Super B Complex) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin B6 (as 0.5-50 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) (6 mg)Quatrefolic ®-(6S)- 50-800 mcg Gnosis 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (800 mcg)glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15 mcg Parchem Methylcobalamin) (8mcg) Niacin (as Inositol 2-25 mg Parchem hexanicotinate and (10 mg)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Thiamin (as .25-5 mg ParchemCocarboxylase) (.5 mg) Riboflavin (as .25-5 mg ParchemRiboflavin-5-Phosphate) (.5 mg) Pantothenic Acid 2-15 mg Kyowa Hakko USA(as Pantethine: Pantesing (2.5 mg) Biotin (as d-Biotin) 5-300 mcg DSM(20 mcg) Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals Cherry fruitextract) (20 mg) Choline (as Citicoline: 2-600 mg Kyowa Hakko USACognizin ®) (20 mg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mg FutureCeuticals(Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, Tart Cherry, Elderberry,Cranberry)

Example 38 (Healthy Veins) Amount per serving: Ingredient Name AmountSource Vitamin C (from Acerola 20-150 mg FutureCeuticals Cherry fruitextract) (50 mg) Vitamin B6 (as 0.5-50 mg Parchem Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate)(6 mg) Quatrefolic ®-(6S)-5- 50-800 mcg Gnosis methyltetrahydrofolate(800 mcg) glucosamine salt Vitamin B12 (as 0.5-15 mcg ParchemMethylcobalamin) (8 mcg) Resveratrol powder 30-60 mg FutureCeuticals (50mg) Grape seed extract: 50-100 mg FutureCeuticals VitaGrape™ (50 mg)Bilberry fruit powder 25-100 mg FutureCeuticals (50 mg) Quercetin 50-200mg FutureCeuticals (100 mg) Fruit powder blend: 20-200 mgFutureCeuticals (Strawberry, Raspberry, (50 mg) Blueberry, Tart Cherry,Elderberry, Cranberry)

It will be understood that Examples 4-7 may comprise standalone vitaminsupplement compositions and/or be incorporated into Examples 1-3.Moreover, Examples 1-38 may comprise derivatives and/or any hybrid ofone another. Examples 1-38 may also be combined, in whole or in part, toexpress a new and/or modified example. Preferred amounts for one or moreof the above-identified Examples are provided therewithin inparentheses.

It will be further understood that any reference to compounds disclosedherein includes salts and/or solvates of the same.

The foregoing description merely explains and illustrates the inventionand the invention is not limited thereto except insofar as the appendedclaims are so limited, as those skilled in the art who have thedisclosure before them will be able to make modifications withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

While certain embodiments have been illustrated and described, it shouldbe understood that changes and modifications can be made therein inaccordance with ordinary skill in the art without departing from thetechnology in its broader aspects as defined in the following claims.

The embodiments, illustratively described herein may suitably bepracticed in the absence of any element or elements, limitation orlimitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, theterms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” etcetera shall be readexpansively and without limitation. Additionally, the terms andexpressions employed herein have been used as terms of description andnot of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such termsand expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown anddescribed or portions thereof, but it is recognized that variousmodifications are possible within the scope of the claimed technology.Additionally, the phrase “consisting essentially of” will be understoodto include those elements specifically recited and those additionalelements that do not materially affect the basic and novelcharacteristics of the claimed technology. The phrase “consisting of”excludes any element not specified.

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particularembodiments described in this application. Many modifications andvariations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, aswill be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalentmethods and compositions within the scope of the disclosure, in additionto those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the artfrom the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations areintended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The presentdisclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims,along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims areentitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited toparticular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biologicalsystems, which can of course vary. It is also to be understood that theterminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are describedin terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individualmember or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and allpurposes, particularly in terms of providing a written description, allranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subrangesand combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easilyrecognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range beingbroken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths,tenths, etcetera. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed hereincan be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upperthird, etcetera. As will also be understood by one skilled in the artall language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,”and the like, include the number recited and refer to ranges which canbe subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally,as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes eachindividual member.

All publications, patent applications, issued patents, and otherdocuments referred to in this specification are herein incorporated byreference as if each individual publication, patent application, issuedpatent, or other document was specifically and individually indicated tobe incorporated by reference in its entirety. Definitions that arecontained in text incorporated by reference are excluded to the extentthat they contradict definitions in this disclosure.

Other embodiments are set forth in the following claims.

What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of theUnited States is:
 1. A vitamin supplement composition that comprises acomplex with enhanced bioavailability, comprising: a vitamin B complex,wherein the vitamin B complex comprises: a first vitamin, wherein thefirst vitamin comprises a form of vitamin B₆; a second vitamin, whereinthe second vitamin comprises the structure of formula IV ornutraceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:

and a third vitamin, wherein the third vitamin comprises a form ofvitamin B₁₂.
 2. The vitamin supplement composition according to claim 1,wherein the first vitamin comprises the structure of formula I ornutraceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:

wherein R₁-R₆, are each independently selected from the group consistingof H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl,alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid, acid halide, acid anhydride,ester, and/or amide group containing approximately 1 to approximately 25carbon atom(s); wherein at least three of R₁-R₅ comprise OH; and whereinX₁-X₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of N—R₆;O; and S.
 3. The vitamin supplement composition according to claim 1,wherein the first vitamin comprises the structure of formula II ornutraceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:


4. The vitamin supplement composition according to claim 1, wherein thesecond vitamin comprises the structure of formula III or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:

wherein R₁-R₁₂, are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H; OH; and an alkyl, cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl,alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl, alcohol, ether, ketone, carboxylic acid, acidhalide, acid anhydride, ester, and/or amide group containingapproximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s); and wherein X₁-X₄are each independently selected from the group consisting of N—R₁₂; O;and S.
 5. The vitamin supplement composition according to claim 1,wherein the third vitamin comprises the structure of formula V ornutraceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H; OH; and an alkyl,cycloalkyl, polycycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl,alkoxy, alkanoyl, aroyl, alkenyl, alkyl-alkenyl, alcohol, ether, ketone,carboxylic acid, acid halide, acid anhydride, ester, and/or amide groupcontaining approximately 1 to approximately 25 carbon atom(s).
 6. Thevitamin supplement composition according to claim 1, wherein the thirdvitamin comprises the structure of formula VI or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:


7. The vitamin supplement composition according to claim 1, wherein theweight ratio of the first vitamin to the second vitamin to the thirdvitamin ranges from approximately 300:50:1 to approximately 30:50:1 byweight of the total vitamin B complex.
 8. The vitamin supplementcomposition according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the firstvitamin to the second vitamin to the third vitamin is approximately200:55:1 by weight of the total vitamin B complex.
 9. The vitaminsupplement composition according to claim 1, further comprising at leastone of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin,riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, calcium, iron, iodine,magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum,choline, boron, lutein, lycopene, inositol, fruit and/or vegetableblend, and combinations thereof.
 10. The vitamin supplement compositionaccording to claim 1, further comprising at least one of sweeteners,beeswax, carnuba wax, flavors, emulsifiers, preservatives, colors,glaze, syrups, silica, malic acid, citric acid, magnesium stearate,cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, silicondioxide, maltodextrin, sunflower lecithin, guar gum, sunflower oil,coconut oil, vegetable cellulose, stearic acid, vegetable magnesiumstearate, pectin, sodium citrate, dicalcium phosphate, and combinationsthereof.
 11. The vitamin supplement composition according to claim 1,further comprising a vitamin/mineral selected from the group consistingof vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin,vitamin C, choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, chloride,chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese,molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, selenium, sodium,sulfur, tin, vanadium, zinc, and combinations thereof.
 12. The vitaminsupplement composition according to claim 1, further comprising an aminoacid selected from the group consisting of L-alanine, L-arginine,L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-cysteine, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid,L-glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine,L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan,L-tyrosine, L-valine, and combinations thereof.
 13. A vitamin supplementcomposition having a vitamin complex with enhanced bioavailability,comprising: a vitamin B complex, wherein the vitamin B complexcomprises: a first vitamin, wherein the first vitamin comprises[(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methoxy]phosphonic acid; asecond vitamin, wherein the second vitamin comprises the structure offormula IV or nutraceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof:

and a third vitamin, wherein the third vitamin comprisesmethylcobalamin.
 14. A method for treating an individual, comprising thesteps of: orally administering a vitamin B complex, wherein the vitaminB complex comprises: a first vitamin, wherein the first vitamincomprises a form of vitamin B₆; a second vitamin, wherein the secondvitamin comprises the structure of formula IV or nutraceuticallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof:

a third vitamin, wherein the third vitamin comprises a form of vitaminB₁₂; and wherein at least two of the first vitamin, the second vitamin,and the third vitamin cooperate synergistically to enhancebioavailability of the same.